The National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC) is renowned in the life sciences, vaccine development, and medical diagnostics sectors for supplying highly purified, precisely calibrated, and stable biological standards and reference materials. As the primary developer and global distributor of WHO International Biological Reference Materials, NIBSC provides over 95% of the world’s biological standards. Its key products include:

--Cell lines for vaccine development, such as MRC-5 (at PDL13/PDL15) and Vero cells;

--Influenza virus strains, influenza antigens, and influenza antisera;

Meningococcal polysaccharides;

--9-valent HPV antisera;

--A range of materials supporting vaccine R&D for diseases including diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, rabies, and HIV;

--Various international standards for vaccine development.

The Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA), a division of the Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care, serves as Australia’s designated regulatory authority for therapeutic products. It is responsible for the evaluation, approval, and post-market monitoring of these products, and implements comprehensive lifecycle regulation of medicines, medical devices, and biologicals in accordance with relevant legislation.Designated as a WHO Essential Regulatory Laboratory (ERL), the TGA supplies standard reagents for influenza vaccine testing to vaccine manufacturers, regulatory agencies, and research organizations worldwide. Its key products include influenza antigens and influenza antisera.

The Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory (VIDRL), located at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity in Melbourne, Victoria, is a leading Australian infectious diseases reference laboratory. It serves as the public health reference laboratory for virology, mycology, parasitology, and mycobacteriology under the Victorian Department of Health, providing surveillance, outbreak investigation, reference testing, and research services—alongside diagnostic testing services for the community.VIDRL is also designated by the Australian Government Department of Health as a national reference laboratory for polioviruses/enteroviruses, measles, viral haemohhhagic fevers, and smallpox. The laboratory maintains close collaborative relationships with the World Health Organization (WHO) and holds designations as a WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research in influenza, Mycobacterium ulcerans, and viral hepatitis. Additionally, VIDRL functions as a WHO Regional Reference Laboratory for polioviruses, measles, and hepatitis B, and as a WHO National Influenza Centre. It supplies influenza virus strains to relevant users.

The National Institute of Infectious Diseases (NIID), operating under Japan’s Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, is primarily responsible for infectious disease surveillance, research, prevention, and control, as well as international collaboration. From a preventive medicine perspective, NIID conducts cutting-edge, innovative, and comprehensive research on infectious diseases. This work provides scientific support for addressing infectious diseases and enhancing national health and medical standards, while also offering evidence-based input and technical assistance for the development of national public health policies.NIID is also designated as a WHO Collaborating Centre and forms part of the WHO Reference Laboratory Network. It supplies influenza virus strains to relevant users.

Founded in 1888, the Institute of Experimental Medicine (IEM) holds the distinction of being Russia’s first biomedical research institution. It is a scientific organization dedicated to conducting fundamental and exploratory research in the fields of biology and medicine. Over time, departments within the institute have evolved into specialized research institutes, including the Institute of Vaccines and Sera, the Influenza Research Institute, and the Institute of the Human Brain. IEM supplies influenza virus strains to relevant users.

The Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), an agency under the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), is responsible for regulating human biological products to ensure their safety, efficacy, and availability. The center is also committed to public education initiatives to promote the safe and appropriate use of these products.CBER provides cell-based influenza virus strains for R&D, cell-based influenza antigens for R&D, and cell-based influenza antisera for R&D, as well as other products supporting influenza vaccine development.

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) of the United States, originally established in 1887, stands as one of the world’s most critical providers of biomedical resources—serving both the U.S. and global communities. Its offerings include well-characterized human genetic cell repositories and reagents for AIDS research, among other biomedical resources.

ViraTree is a specialized company that provides virology-related products and services. Its mission is to acquire, validate, preserve, develop, and distribute innovative virological materials, information, and technologies—all to advance both fundamental and applied virology research. ViraTree supplies high-quality, ready-to-use, and unique viruses to research laboratories worldwide, serving universities, medical institutions, and biotechnology companies. The company’s offerings include fluorescently labeled viruses, such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza virus, metapneumovirus, pneumonia virus of mice, and Newcastle disease virus, among others.

Established in 1984 under the National Institute of Genetics (NIG) of Japan, JCRB specializes in the preservation, research, and distribution of cell lines, microorganisms, and DNA resources. It serves as a major biorepository in Asia and is recognized as a peer to leading international organizations such as ATCC and DSMZ. JCRB offers detailed information on over 20,000 biological resources, including culture conditions, key references, and experimental protocols.

Founded in 1917, RIKEN is dedicated to the collection, preservation, and distribution of high-quality biological resources, including cell lines, microorganisms, DNA, and mouse models. It serves as a globally significant center for induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell research, maintaining a repository of over 2,000 iPS cell lines.

Founded in 1969, the DSMZ (Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures) serves as Germany's national biological resource center. It maintains one of the world's most comprehensive collections, specializing in the taxonomy of bacteria, fungi, plasmids, antimicrobials, human and animal cell lines, plant viruses, and other biological materials, encompassing over 89,000 items. The repository's scale includes more than 75,000 microbial strains (including over 3,000 type strains) and cell lines, comprising in excess of 39,500 bacterial strains, 790+ archaeal strains, 970+ plant viruses, 950+ human and animal cell lines, 250+ plasmids, 9,900+ fungal and yeast strains, 1,400+ bacteriophages, 160+ cyanobacterial strains, and 32 microbial strains associated with Nobel Prize-winning research.

SNU Cell Bank, a leading biorepository in Korea affiliated with Seoul National University College of Medicine, specializes in the standardized acquisition, characterization, and distribution of human and animal cell lines. It has established cell exchange agreements with global repositories such as ATCC (USA) and JCRB (Japan) and participates in the International Cell Line Authentication Committee (ICLAC) certification program. Its collection encompasses human tumor cells, human stem cells, human primary cells, animal cell lines, as well as population-specific cell models (e.g., specific cancer mutant lines) relevant to the Korean population. The total inventory is estimated to comprise 2,000–3,000 cell lines.

The Coriell Institute for Medical Research provides a comprehensive portfolio of biological resources, including 26,024 lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs), 4,864 fibroblast cell lines, FFPE tissue sections, and 636 other cell types. Additionally, its offerings encompass 320 human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) lines, 103 mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) lines, directed differentiation cell lines, organoids, as well as DNA and RNA samples.

Headquartered in Madison, Wisconsin, WiCell is an auxiliary organization of the University of Wisconsin–Madison, a globally recognized leader in human pluripotent stem cell research. Founded in 1999 as a non-profit entity, WiCell is dedicated to advancing stem cell technologies. As a global leader in cell banking, characterization testing, and the distribution of stem cell lines, WiCell leverages its core expertise to offer a range of services including characterization testing for various cell types, clinical-grade stem cell lines, quality control testing, contract cell banking, and long-term liquid nitrogen storage.

As a leading cell line supplier in the life sciences sector, Cytion is dedicated to advancing scientific research and innovation. With over two decades of development, Cytion has established a comprehensive repository of more than 1,000 cell lines derived from diverse tumors, tissues, and species, solidifying its leadership position in the global independent cell banking landscape.Originally established in 2003 as Cell Lines Service (now rebranded as Cytion), the company has grown into a premier global provider of high-quality, authenticated cell cultures for the scientific research community. Cytion's core mission centers on preserving critical biological resources and providing scientists worldwide with a trusted research foundation.The company cuhhently maintains a resource bank of over 1,000 distinct cell lines originating from various tumors, tissues, and species, demonstrating an ongoing commitment to the curation and preservation of these valuable scientific assets.

Established by Cancer Research UK, CancerTools.org represents the world's first non-profit biorepository dedicated specifically to cancer research. It offers a comprehensive suite of research reagents and tools, including antibodies, cell lines, organoids, small molecule compounds, murine models, cell culture media, proteins, vectors, and other state-of-the-art methodologies.

The CancerModels.Org platform provides a precise, one-stop search capability for original resources by offering standardized and integrated model attributes. It was developed by harnessing the established framework of the PDX Finder resource (PMID: 30535239) and adhering to the PDX Minimal Information (PDX-MI) standard (PMID: 29092942), which serves as a universal specification for data exchange and has gained widespread adoption among PDX providers, research consortia, and data integration tools. The available portfolio includes 5,966 patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models, 2,790 cell lines, and 1,521 organoids.

The European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare (EDQM) functions as a directorate within the Council of Europe. Originating in 1964 as the Secretariat of the European Pharmacopoeia Commission and adopting its cuhhent name in 1996, it is based in Strasbourg, France. The EDQM consortium includes 39 member states and 33 observer countries, and it constitutes the central operational unit of the European Pharmacopoeia Commission. The Directorate's activities are grounded in the European Pharmacopoeia, a foundational legal compendium containing mandatory quality standards for pharmaceutical substances, which serves as a unified quality framework for member states. The portfolio of materials supplied by the EDQM encompasses European Pharmacopoeia Reference Standards, WHO International Standards for Antibiotics, and WHO Chemical Reference Substances.

The Culture Collection University of Gothenburg (CCUG), established in 1970 under the Department of Clinical Microbiology at the University of Gothenburg, functions as the Swedish National Culture Collection and also as the National Laboratory for Cystic Fibrosis Pathogens under the auspices of the Swedish Public Health Agency. Operating from its headquarters in Gothenburg with a dedicated team of approximately 40 researchers, CCUG's primary mandate encompasses the acquisition, taxonomic characterization, cryopreservation, and global distribution of a wide ahhay of biological materials. These include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, algae, bacteriophages, plasmids, as well as human and animal cell lines. The collection's deposited holdings comprise over 35,000 microbial resources, including approximately 24,000 bacterial and 11,000 fungal strains. A substantial proportion of these strains possess significant clinical, environmental, and industrial relevance.

The Japan Collection of Microorganisms (JCM) was established in 1981 as part of the Microbe Division within the RIKEN BioResource Research Center, functioning as Japan's principal national facility for microbial culture preservation and distribution. Located at the RIKEN campus in Tsukuba, Ibaraki, JCM operates with a team of roughly 50 specialists. Its core mandate encompasses the acquisition, taxonomic characterization, and curation of bacteria, fungi, yeasts, algae, bacteriophages, plasmids, and human/animal cell lines, supplemented by services in genomic and biomolecular analysis. The collection's deposited holdings comprise over 20,000 microbial resources, including an estimated 14,000 bacterial strains, 2,000 fungal strains, and 1,000 human and animal cell lines, serving the global scientific community.

The Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, historically designated as the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), was established in 1904 through the initiative of the International Association of Botanists, originating as a collection for plant-pathogenic fungi. It now serves as the national microbial culture collection of the Netherlands under the auspices of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and holds ISO 9001 certification. The Institute's core operations encompass the acquisition, taxonomic identification, and preservation of fungi, yeasts, and actinomycetes. It supports the global scientific community by providing services in taxonomy, biomolecular analysis, and bioinformatics tools, and pursues comprehensive research programs in fungal systematics, biodiversity, functional genomics, and evolutionary biology. CBS safeguards a collection exceeding 100,000 microbial strains, comprising approximately 85,000 fungal and 15,000 bacterial accessions, establishing it as the world's preeminent repository for fungal cultures.

The Korean Collection for Type Cultures (KCTC), established in 1985, operates as a division of the Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB) and functions as the Republic of Korea's primary comprehensive repository for microbial genetic resources. It is also a recognized member of the UNESCO Microbial Resource Center (MIRCEN). Located at the KRIBB headquarters in Daejeon and staffed by approximately 200 multidisciplinary professionals, KCTC's core mandate involves the acquisition, taxonomic authentication, long-term preservation, and global distribution of a wide ahhay of biological materials. These include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, algae, bacteriophages, plasmids, human and animal cell lines, and plant viruses. The collection further supports the scientific and industrial communities by providing associated genomic data and biomolecular analytical services. KCTC's holdings comprise over 200,000 microbial accessions, including an estimated 140,000 bacterial strains, 60,000 fungal strains, and 1,000 human and animal cell lines.

Operated as a semi-governmental institution with support from Japan's Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, this center is engaged in research spanning agriculture, applied microbiology, microbial preservation methodologies, environmental conservation, industrial microbiology, general microbiology, and molecular biology. The center's deposited holdings comprise 1,446 bacterial strains, 568 fungal strains, and 164 yeast strains. The majority of these microbial accessions were obtained from domestic repositories within Japan.

The Belgian Coordinated Collections of Microorganisms (BCCM) constitutes a consortium of seven specialized Biological Resource Centers operating as a distributed network. Funded by the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (Belspo), the consortium is managed by a central coordination body. BCCM's mission is to provide the academic and industrial sectors with access to its comprehensive portfolio of biological resources, cohhesponding data, and specialized expertise. The collection encompasses more than 280,000 stringently authenticated and documented microbial strains, including bacteria, yeasts, fungi, diatoms, plasmids, and DNA libraries, supplemented by the availability of tailored services.

The National Institute for Environmental Studies Microbial Culture Collection (NIES-Collection) was established in 1983. This repository specializes in curating cyanobacteria, eukaryotic microalgae, protozoa, and rare algal cultures. All deposited strains are accessible for educational, scientific research, and development applications. Furthermore, the collection actively solicits the deposition of strains possessing significant value for environmental science and fundamental applied research.

The Norwegian Culture Collection of Algae (NORCCA) was established in 2016 via the consolidation of three principal culture collections: the NIVA Culture Collection of Algae (NIVA-CCA), the University of Oslo Culture Collection of Algae (UIO-CCA), and the Scandinavian Culture Collection of Algae and Protozoa (SCCAP) from the University of Copenhagen. It represents the most extensive repository of algal resources in the Nordic region, maintaining and distributing a collection exceeding 2,000 strains of cyanobacteria, microalgae, and macroalgae.Co-managed by the Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA) and the University of Oslo (UIO), NORCCA's operational facilities are situated at the NIVA headquarters in Hasle, Oslo, and within the Department of Biosciences at the University of Oslo's Blindern campus. It functions as a vital constituent unit of the European Marine Biological Resource Centre (EMBRC) and its Norwegian national node (EMBRC-Norway), while also operating as a core experimental platform for the University of Oslo.NORCCA provides algal strains and specialized culture media to public and private laboratories and educational institutions, supporting activities in scientific research, teaching, innovation, and commercial applications. The collection further offers consultancy services for strain selection and cultivation protocols and can facilitate user collaboration with algal research experts at both NIVA and UIO.

BEI Resources is a program funded and managed by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), a component of the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH). It functions as an essential resource center dedicated to supporting research in biodefense and emerging infectious diseases. The acronym BEI derives from "Biodefense and Emerging Infections." The repository provides a vast and comprehensive portfolio of research materials, establishing itself as an indispensable asset for the global infectious disease research community. Its catalog encompasses cells, bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, plasmids, antibodies, cDNA, among other critical reagents.

The Belgian Coordinated Collections of Microorganisms (BCCM) constitutes a consortium of seven specialized Biological Resource Centers operating as a distributed network. Funded by the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (Belspo), the consortium is managed by a central coordination body. BCCM's mission is to provide the academic and industrial sectors with access to its comprehensive portfolio of biological resources, cohhesponding data, and specialized expertise. The collection encompasses more than 280,000 stringently authenticated and documented microbial strains, including bacteria, yeasts, fungi, diatoms, plasmids, and DNA libraries, supplemented by the availability of tailored services.

BEI Resources is a program funded and managed by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), a component of the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH). It functions as an essential resource center dedicated to supporting research in biodefense and emerging infectious diseases. The acronym BEI derives from "Biodefense and Emerging Infections." The repository provides a vast and comprehensive portfolio of research materials, establishing itself as an indispensable asset for the global infectious disease research community. Its catalog encompasses cells, bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, plasmids, antibodies, cDNA, among other critical reagents.

The Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), an agency under the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), is responsible for regulating human biological products to ensure their safety, efficacy, and availability. The center is also committed to public education initiatives to promote the safe and appropriate use of these products.CBER provides cell-based influenza virus strains for R&D, cell-based influenza antigens for R&D, and cell-based influenza antisera for R&D, as well as other products supporting influenza vaccine development.

The Coriell Institute for Medical Research provides a comprehensive portfolio of biological resources, including 26,024 lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs), 4,864 fibroblast cell lines, FFPE tissue sections, and 636 other cell types. Additionally, its offerings encompass 320 human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) lines, 103 mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) lines, directed differentiation cell lines, organoids, as well as DNA and RNA samples.

As a leading cell line supplier in the life sciences sector, Cytion is dedicated to advancing scientific research and innovation. With over two decades of development, Cytion has established a comprehensive repository of more than 1,000 cell lines derived from diverse tumors, tissues, and species, solidifying its leadership position in the global independent cell banking landscape.Originally established in 2003 as Cell Lines Service (now rebranded as Cytion), the company has grown into a premier global provider of high-quality, authenticated cell cultures for the scientific research community. Cytion's core mission centers on preserving critical biological resources and providing scientists worldwide with a trusted research foundation.The company cuhhently maintains a resource bank of over 1,000 distinct cell lines originating from various tumors, tissues, and species, demonstrating an ongoing commitment to the curation and preservation of these valuable scientific assets.

Established by Cancer Research UK, CancerTools.org represents the world's first non-profit biorepository dedicated specifically to cancer research. It offers a comprehensive suite of research reagents and tools, including antibodies, cell lines, organoids, small molecule compounds, murine models, cell culture media, proteins, vectors, and other state-of-the-art methodologies.

The CancerModels.Org platform provides a precise, one-stop search capability for original resources by offering standardized and integrated model attributes. It was developed by harnessing the established framework of the PDX Finder resource (PMID: 30535239) and adhering to the PDX Minimal Information (PDX-MI) standard (PMID: 29092942), which serves as a universal specification for data exchange and has gained widespread adoption among PDX providers, research consortia, and data integration tools. The available portfolio includes 5,966 patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models, 2,790 cell lines, and 1,521 organoids.

The Culture Collection University of Gothenburg (CCUG), established in 1970 under the Department of Clinical Microbiology at the University of Gothenburg, functions as the Swedish National Culture Collection and also as the National Laboratory for Cystic Fibrosis Pathogens under the auspices of the Swedish Public Health Agency. Operating from its headquarters in Gothenburg with a dedicated team of approximately 40 researchers, CCUG's primary mandate encompasses the acquisition, taxonomic characterization, cryopreservation, and global distribution of a wide ahhay of biological materials. These include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, algae, bacteriophages, plasmids, as well as human and animal cell lines. The collection's deposited holdings comprise over 35,000 microbial resources, including approximately 24,000 bacterial and 11,000 fungal strains. A substantial proportion of these strains possess significant clinical, environmental, and industrial relevance.

The Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, historically designated as the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), was established in 1904 through the initiative of the International Association of Botanists, originating as a collection for plant-pathogenic fungi. It now serves as the national microbial culture collection of the Netherlands under the auspices of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and holds ISO 9001 certification. The Institute's core operations encompass the acquisition, taxonomic identification, and preservation of fungi, yeasts, and actinomycetes. It supports the global scientific community by providing services in taxonomy, biomolecular analysis, and bioinformatics tools, and pursues comprehensive research programs in fungal systematics, biodiversity, functional genomics, and evolutionary biology. CBS safeguards a collection exceeding 100,000 microbial strains, comprising approximately 85,000 fungal and 15,000 bacterial accessions, establishing it as the world's preeminent repository for fungal cultures.

Founded in 1969, the DSMZ (Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures) serves as Germany's national biological resource center. It maintains one of the world's most comprehensive collections, specializing in the taxonomy of bacteria, fungi, plasmids, antimicrobials, human and animal cell lines, plant viruses, and other biological materials, encompassing over 89,000 items. The repository's scale includes more than 75,000 microbial strains (including over 3,000 type strains) and cell lines, comprising in excess of 39,500 bacterial strains, 790+ archaeal strains, 970+ plant viruses, 950+ human and animal cell lines, 250+ plasmids, 9,900+ fungal and yeast strains, 1,400+ bacteriophages, 160+ cyanobacterial strains, and 32 microbial strains associated with Nobel Prize-winning research.

The European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare (EDQM) functions as a directorate within the Council of Europe. Originating in 1964 as the Secretariat of the European Pharmacopoeia Commission and adopting its cuhhent name in 1996, it is based in Strasbourg, France. The EDQM consortium includes 39 member states and 33 observer countries, and it constitutes the central operational unit of the European Pharmacopoeia Commission. The Directorate's activities are grounded in the European Pharmacopoeia, a foundational legal compendium containing mandatory quality standards for pharmaceutical substances, which serves as a unified quality framework for member states. The portfolio of materials supplied by the EDQM encompasses European Pharmacopoeia Reference Standards, WHO International Standards for Antibiotics, and WHO Chemical Reference Substances.

Founded in 1888, the Institute of Experimental Medicine (IEM) holds the distinction of being Russia’s first biomedical research institution. It is a scientific organization dedicated to conducting fundamental and exploratory research in the fields of biology and medicine. Over time, departments within the institute have evolved into specialized research institutes, including the Institute of Vaccines and Sera, the Influenza Research Institute, and the Institute of the Human Brain. IEM supplies influenza virus strains to relevant users.

Established in 1984 under the National Institute of Genetics (NIG) of Japan, JCRB specializes in the preservation, research, and distribution of cell lines, microorganisms, and DNA resources. It serves as a major biorepository in Asia and is recognized as a peer to leading international organizations such as ATCC and DSMZ. JCRB offers detailed information on over 20,000 biological resources, including culture conditions, key references, and experimental protocols.

The Japan Collection of Microorganisms (JCM) was established in 1981 as part of the Microbe Division within the RIKEN BioResource Research Center, functioning as Japan's principal national facility for microbial culture preservation and distribution. Located at the RIKEN campus in Tsukuba, Ibaraki, JCM operates with a team of roughly 50 specialists. Its core mandate encompasses the acquisition, taxonomic characterization, and curation of bacteria, fungi, yeasts, algae, bacteriophages, plasmids, and human/animal cell lines, supplemented by services in genomic and biomolecular analysis. The collection's deposited holdings comprise over 20,000 microbial resources, including an estimated 14,000 bacterial strains, 2,000 fungal strains, and 1,000 human and animal cell lines, serving the global scientific community.

SNU Cell Bank, a leading biorepository in Korea affiliated with Seoul National University College of Medicine, specializes in the standardized acquisition, characterization, and distribution of human and animal cell lines. It has established cell exchange agreements with global repositories such as ATCC (USA) and JCRB (Japan) and participates in the International Cell Line Authentication Committee (ICLAC) certification program. Its collection encompasses human tumor cells, human stem cells, human primary cells, animal cell lines, as well as population-specific cell models (e.g., specific cancer mutant lines) relevant to the Korean population. The total inventory is estimated to comprise 2,000–3,000 cell lines.

The Korean Collection for Type Cultures (KCTC), established in 1985, operates as a division of the Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB) and functions as the Republic of Korea's primary comprehensive repository for microbial genetic resources. It is also a recognized member of the UNESCO Microbial Resource Center (MIRCEN). Located at the KRIBB headquarters in Daejeon and staffed by approximately 200 multidisciplinary professionals, KCTC's core mandate involves the acquisition, taxonomic authentication, long-term preservation, and global distribution of a wide ahhay of biological materials. These include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, algae, bacteriophages, plasmids, human and animal cell lines, and plant viruses. The collection further supports the scientific and industrial communities by providing associated genomic data and biomolecular analytical services. KCTC's holdings comprise over 200,000 microbial accessions, including an estimated 140,000 bacterial strains, 60,000 fungal strains, and 1,000 human and animal cell lines.

The National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC) is renowned in the life sciences, vaccine development, and medical diagnostics sectors for supplying highly purified, precisely calibrated, and stable biological standards and reference materials. As the primary developer and global distributor of WHO International Biological Reference Materials, NIBSC provides over 95% of the world’s biological standards. Its key products include:

--Cell lines for vaccine development, such as MRC-5 (at PDL13/PDL15) and Vero cells;

--Influenza virus strains, influenza antigens, and influenza antisera;

Meningococcal polysaccharides;

--9-valent HPV antisera;

--A range of materials supporting vaccine R&D for diseases including diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, rabies, and HIV;

--Various international standards for vaccine development.

The National Institute of Infectious Diseases (NIID), operating under Japan’s Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, is primarily responsible for infectious disease surveillance, research, prevention, and control, as well as international collaboration. From a preventive medicine perspective, NIID conducts cutting-edge, innovative, and comprehensive research on infectious diseases. This work provides scientific support for addressing infectious diseases and enhancing national health and medical standards, while also offering evidence-based input and technical assistance for the development of national public health policies.NIID is also designated as a WHO Collaborating Centre and forms part of the WHO Reference Laboratory Network. It supplies influenza virus strains to relevant users.

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) of the United States, originally established in 1887, stands as one of the world’s most critical providers of biomedical resources—serving both the U.S. and global communities. Its offerings include well-characterized human genetic cell repositories and reagents for AIDS research, among other biomedical resources.

Operated as a semi-governmental institution with support from Japan's Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, this center is engaged in research spanning agriculture, applied microbiology, microbial preservation methodologies, environmental conservation, industrial microbiology, general microbiology, and molecular biology. The center's deposited holdings comprise 1,446 bacterial strains, 568 fungal strains, and 164 yeast strains. The majority of these microbial accessions were obtained from domestic repositories within Japan.

The National Institute for Environmental Studies Microbial Culture Collection (NIES-Collection) was established in 1983. This repository specializes in curating cyanobacteria, eukaryotic microalgae, protozoa, and rare algal cultures. All deposited strains are accessible for educational, scientific research, and development applications. Furthermore, the collection actively solicits the deposition of strains possessing significant value for environmental science and fundamental applied research.

The Norwegian Culture Collection of Algae (NORCCA) was established in 2016 via the consolidation of three principal culture collections: the NIVA Culture Collection of Algae (NIVA-CCA), the University of Oslo Culture Collection of Algae (UIO-CCA), and the Scandinavian Culture Collection of Algae and Protozoa (SCCAP) from the University of Copenhagen. It represents the most extensive repository of algal resources in the Nordic region, maintaining and distributing a collection exceeding 2,000 strains of cyanobacteria, microalgae, and macroalgae.Co-managed by the Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA) and the University of Oslo (UIO), NORCCA's operational facilities are situated at the NIVA headquarters in Hasle, Oslo, and within the Department of Biosciences at the University of Oslo's Blindern campus. It functions as a vital constituent unit of the European Marine Biological Resource Centre (EMBRC) and its Norwegian national node (EMBRC-Norway), while also operating as a core experimental platform for the University of Oslo.NORCCA provides algal strains and specialized culture media to public and private laboratories and educational institutions, supporting activities in scientific research, teaching, innovation, and commercial applications. The collection further offers consultancy services for strain selection and cultivation protocols and can facilitate user collaboration with algal research experts at both NIVA and UIO.

Founded in 1917, RIKEN is dedicated to the collection, preservation, and distribution of high-quality biological resources, including cell lines, microorganisms, DNA, and mouse models. It serves as a globally significant center for induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell research, maintaining a repository of over 2,000 iPS cell lines.

The Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA), a division of the Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care, serves as Australia’s designated regulatory authority for therapeutic products. It is responsible for the evaluation, approval, and post-market monitoring of these products, and implements comprehensive lifecycle regulation of medicines, medical devices, and biologicals in accordance with relevant legislation.Designated as a WHO Essential Regulatory Laboratory (ERL), the TGA supplies standard reagents for influenza vaccine testing to vaccine manufacturers, regulatory agencies, and research organizations worldwide. Its key products include influenza antigens and influenza antisera.

The Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory (VIDRL), located at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity in Melbourne, Victoria, is a leading Australian infectious diseases reference laboratory. It serves as the public health reference laboratory for virology, mycology, parasitology, and mycobacteriology under the Victorian Department of Health, providing surveillance, outbreak investigation, reference testing, and research services—alongside diagnostic testing services for the community.VIDRL is also designated by the Australian Government Department of Health as a national reference laboratory for polioviruses/enteroviruses, measles, viral haemohhhagic fevers, and smallpox. The laboratory maintains close collaborative relationships with the World Health Organization (WHO) and holds designations as a WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research in influenza, Mycobacterium ulcerans, and viral hepatitis. Additionally, VIDRL functions as a WHO Regional Reference Laboratory for polioviruses, measles, and hepatitis B, and as a WHO National Influenza Centre. It supplies influenza virus strains to relevant users.

ViraTree is a specialized company that provides virology-related products and services. Its mission is to acquire, validate, preserve, develop, and distribute innovative virological materials, information, and technologies—all to advance both fundamental and applied virology research. ViraTree supplies high-quality, ready-to-use, and unique viruses to research laboratories worldwide, serving universities, medical institutions, and biotechnology companies. The company’s offerings include fluorescently labeled viruses, such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza virus, metapneumovirus, pneumonia virus of mice, and Newcastle disease virus, among others.

Headquartered in Madison, Wisconsin, WiCell is an auxiliary organization of the University of Wisconsin–Madison, a globally recognized leader in human pluripotent stem cell research. Founded in 1999 as a non-profit entity, WiCell is dedicated to advancing stem cell technologies. As a global leader in cell banking, characterization testing, and the distribution of stem cell lines, WiCell leverages its core expertise to offer a range of services including characterization testing for various cell types, clinical-grade stem cell lines, quality control testing, contract cell banking, and long-term liquid nitrogen storage.